G. Carter Bentley :: essays research papers

G. Carter Bentley’s practice theory is a popular approach in understanding how ethnicity is constructed and ethnic identity is maintained. Here we shift from boundaries to focus on people’s patterns of experiences, both objective and subjective. Bentley draws on Bordieu’s concepts of "habitus" and "practice". Bordieu argues that the objective conditions, mediated by systems of symbolic representations, generate in different persons dispositions to act in different ways (Bentley 1987: 28) Habitus compromises "…a set of generative schemes that produce practices and representations that are regular without reference to overt rules and that are goal directed without requiring conscious selection of goals or mastery of methods achieving them." (as quoted in Bentley, Ibid.,). Hence habits become a mechanic way of being, acting and thinking, developed through 1) social practices, 2) shared experiences, 3) experimentation and 4) comprehension of those relationships or difference at both the conscious and unconscious levels. There is constant interplay between these levels (collectively and individually). Practice is a concept linked to the Marxist tradition of emphasizing power relations. This is connected to ethnic identity in that to look at experiences people go through we have to distinguish between the different domains of experience and social practice. Analysis of different domains will tell us how they influence people’s perception of the world, of their place in society as members of a group. Because this process involves interrelationships, it is important to focus on the experience of interaction. Secondly, there must be an analysis of discourses by the state (i.e. laws, policies etc.) and how they are articulated, and how the discourses of leaders of ethnic groups find resonance by their group. Both these levels of analysis help us understand ethnicity as an ideology and how ethnic identity cannot be kept separate from experience and social practice. Bentley: ethnicity and practice Bentley demonstrates the relationship between patterns of practice and sensations of ethnic affinity by the example of a Marano woman who has struggled with a sense of ambivalent ethnicity: "…a feeling that she is neither here nor there but instead limited in a system [Philippine social context] of categorical identities" (Bentley 1987: 29). Soraya’s experience illustrates the value of the theory of practice. Sensations of ethnic affinity are founded on common life experience and of the preconscious habitus it generates that gives members of an ethnic group their sense of being familiar to each other (Bentley 1987: 33). G. Carter Bentley :: essays research papers G. Carter Bentley’s practice theory is a popular approach in understanding how ethnicity is constructed and ethnic identity is maintained. Here we shift from boundaries to focus on people’s patterns of experiences, both objective and subjective. Bentley draws on Bordieu’s concepts of "habitus" and "practice". Bordieu argues that the objective conditions, mediated by systems of symbolic representations, generate in different persons dispositions to act in different ways (Bentley 1987: 28) Habitus compromises "…a set of generative schemes that produce practices and representations that are regular without reference to overt rules and that are goal directed without requiring conscious selection of goals or mastery of methods achieving them." (as quoted in Bentley, Ibid.,). Hence habits become a mechanic way of being, acting and thinking, developed through 1) social practices, 2) shared experiences, 3) experimentation and 4) comprehension of those relationships or difference at both the conscious and unconscious levels. There is constant interplay between these levels (collectively and individually). Practice is a concept linked to the Marxist tradition of emphasizing power relations. This is connected to ethnic identity in that to look at experiences people go through we have to distinguish between the different domains of experience and social practice. Analysis of different domains will tell us how they influence people’s perception of the world, of their place in society as members of a group. Because this process involves interrelationships, it is important to focus on the experience of interaction. Secondly, there must be an analysis of discourses by the state (i.e. laws, policies etc.) and how they are articulated, and how the discourses of leaders of ethnic groups find resonance by their group. Both these levels of analysis help us understand ethnicity as an ideology and how ethnic identity cannot be kept separate from experience and social practice. Bentley: ethnicity and practice Bentley demonstrates the relationship between patterns of practice and sensations of ethnic affinity by the example of a Marano woman who has struggled with a sense of ambivalent ethnicity: "…a feeling that she is neither here nor there but instead limited in a system [Philippine social context] of categorical identities" (Bentley 1987: 29). Soraya’s experience illustrates the value of the theory of practice. Sensations of ethnic affinity are founded on common life experience and of the preconscious habitus it generates that gives members of an ethnic group their sense of being familiar to each other (Bentley 1987: 33).

Market Efficiency

EMH or Efficient Market Hypothesis has been accepted as one of the foundations of financial economics, in fact, Fama first marked out the concept â€Å"efficient market† in financial literature in 1965. Fama stated it as one which safety values completely expose all accessible information. The market could be considered as efficient if the results of market values to new information are instant and impartial. EMH is the notion that information is rapidly and proficiently integrated into asset prices at any instance, in order to guarantee that old information could not be serve as an instrument which could predict price progresses. As a result, three types of Efficient Market Hypothesis are being classified depending on the degree of available information (Fama, 1998). The weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis specifies that existing asset prices already reveals past price and volume information, the information restrained in the previous succession of prices of a security is completely exposed in the present market price of the said security. Its name â€Å"weak form EMH† was derived from the fact that security prices are the most overtly and easily obtainable information. It entails that nobody would be able to outdistance the market by making use of something that everyone else’s know. However, there are still quantities of financial examiners who are examining the past stock price sequence and trading volume information in an effort to spawn revenues. This method is labeled as technical analysis that is declared by the EMH as ineffective in foretelling prospect price variations (Sewell 2007). The semi strong form Efficient Market Hypothesis on the other hand asserts that each and every openly accessible information are equally already integrated into asset prices, meaning to say, every openly accessible information is completely mirrored in a security’s existing market prices. The public data confirmed not only past prices. Rather they also show information conveyed in a company’s financial reports, company’s proclamations, and the like. In a way, this also entails that nobody would be able to outdistance the market by making use of something which everyone else knows, this also signifies that a company’s financial reports could not be used in foretelling future price progress and safeguarding high venture returns (Sewell 2007). The strong form Efficient Market Hypothesis specifies that private as well as insider data is immediately included by market prices and hence could not be utilized to gather irregular trading incomes. Therefore, all data or information is completely mirrored in a security’s existing market price which in turn entails that even the company’s administration would not be able to generate profits even by using the insider data they have. The justification for this is that the market expects in an impartial way, future advancement and thus, data has been integrated and appraised into market price in a more impartial and enlightening manner than insiders. The arbitrary walk style of asset prices is an enlargement of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, as well as the beliefs that the market could not be constantly beaten, arbitrage is not possible, and â€Å"free lunches† are in general, not available (Clarke et al. 2007). The EMH has entailed that nobody could surpass the market either with security selection or with market timing, therefore, it holds enormous negative consequences for several investment approaches. In general, the force of EMH could be scrutinized from two dissimilar angles. The first one would be from the investor’s perspective. Technical analysis makes use of price as well as the volume as the center point for foretelling future prices, the arbitrary-walk data implies that prices of securities are influenced by news; Positive news would help increase the price while negative news would be the cause of price deflation. Thus, it is only fitting to ask the value of technical analysis as a way of deciding security investments (Clarke et al. 2007). Fundamental analysis includes the use of market information in establishing the inherent value of securities in so as to classify those securities which are underrated. In spite of this, semi strong EMH implies that essential examination could not be utilized to surpass the market. In a proficient market, fairness research and assessment would be an expensive undertaking that offers no advantages. The likelihood of discovering an underrated supply should be arbitrary. Oftentimes, the advantages from data compilation and fairness studies would not include the expenses of doing the study (Jones 2002). For best investment approaches, investors are recommended to pursue an inert investment tactic, which does not make any endeavor to surpass the market. Investors ought not to choose securities arbitrarily based on their peril loathing or the tax arrangements. This, however, does not imply that there would be no assortment of management. In an efficient market, it is an excellent tactic to have a arbitrarily expanding across securities, which holds little or no records charge and minimum implementation expenses in so as to optimize the proceeds. An unyielding buy-and-hold procedure is not most advantageous for corresponding to the investor’s requested level of threat. Also, the portfolio manager ought to select a portfolio that is equipped in the direction of the time sphere and threats report of the investors (Jones 2002). Second is the financial managers’ perspective wherein managers ought to bear in mind that markets would either under or over react to information, the company’s share price would mirror the information regarding their declarations and the historical share price account could be employed as a determinant of company accomplishment and management would hold be hold accountable for it. When shares are under priced, managers should avert from handing out new shares since this would only aggravate the condition. In usual situations, market efficiency theory offers informative predictions into price performances. In general, one can conclude that investors should only anticipate a typical rate of proceeds while the company should be prepared to obtain the adequate value for the securities they handed out (Jones 2002). However, the idea that markets act constantly with the efficient market hypothesis is debatable, particularly in its stronger forms. For one, it is doubtful that man-made markets are strong-form efficient. Especially, when there are prima facie basis for ineptitude as well as the unhurried dissemination of information, the comparatively immense power of several market partakers, and the existence of seemingly advanced professional investors. I believe that one of the major defects EMH is the way markets respond to unexpected news. For an instance, news upshots like interest rate changes from ventral banks are not immediately taken credit of in stock prices. Instead root continued progress of prices over a certain period of time, say from a few hours to months and the like, one should also take into consideration that only a limited number of people have prior familiarity or awareness regarding laws about to be passed, new pricing controls fixed by certain organizations like Federal Reserve banks as well as legal verdicts that causes a broad array of economic parties. The public should consider these things as random variables; however, players within those inside information could rectify the market, but commonly in an inconspicuous way in order to escape exposure (Clarke et al. 2007). There is also another inconsistency which has been detected between the EMH theory and real markets. The said inconsistency is that at market extremes, what fundamentalists may regard as ridiculous behavior is in fact the standard behavior; in the latter parts of a bull market, the market is motivated by consumers who don not take much into account the core value. By the end of a crash, markets go into freefall while partakers disentangle themselves from the location in spite of the scarcely good value that their earlier positions symbolizes, this is denoted by the huge variations in the assessment of stocks in comparison to basics in bull markets in comparison to bear markets. A theorist may claim that reasonable partakers should always instantaneously take lead in the unnaturally low prices which resulted from the illogical partakers by acquiring contrasting places. However, this is noticeably not generally adequate to avoid bubbles and crashes from increasing. It might be supposed that countless sensible partakers are conscious of the illogicality of the market at extremes and are eager to permit illogical partakers to force the market as they like, and only benefit themselves with the prices when they have got more than just basic motives that the market would revert back near its earlier fair value (Sewell 2007). Behavioral finance stated that upon entering positions, market partakers are not mainly motivated by the price status; rather, they are mainly motivated by anticipating the rise or fall of the prices. To pay no heed of this could be perilous. Allan Greenspan cautioned participants of irrational exuberance in the market during the year of 1996. However, some merchants who sold short new economy stocks that appeared significantly overcharged during those times had to acknowledge grave losses when prices arrived at much more astonishing heights (Jones 2002). EMH was first presented in 1960. Before that, the existing belief regarding market is its exact opposite – markets are inefficient. Inadequacy was generally believed to exist. A good example of this was in US and UK’s stock markets. On the other hand, previous work of Kendall implies that the changes in United Kingdom’s stock market prices are arbitrary. Researches conducted by Brealey, Dryden and Cunningham showed that there are no considerable reliances in price changes which implies that United Kingdom’s stock market is a weak-form efficient, in addition to this proof, are other researches of capital market which suggested that they are semi strong-form efficient(Jones 2002). Examinations conducted by Firth in UK have contrasted the share prices presented after an invasion declaration with the bid offer, this showed that the share prices were completely and immediately modified to their exact levels; therefore the United Kingdom’s stock market was indeed semi strong-form efficient. Yet, the market’s capability to effectively react to a short term and broadly advertized event (i.e takeover proclamation) could not automatically be viewed as analytic of a market efficient at pricing concerning more long term and vague aspects (Clarke et al. 2007). Other pragmatic proof which defends Efficient Market Hypothesis came from researches which show that the revenue of market averages go beyond the revenue of vigorously ran mutual funds. Therefore, to the degree that markets are inefficient, the advantages achieved by capturing the ineptitudes are override by the inside fund costs occupied in locating them, promoting, and the like (Sewell 2007). It could be that proficient as well as other market partakers who have find out dependable trading regulations or devices could find no basis to disclose them to academic researchers or it could be that there are no information breach among the intellectuals who examine the markets and the professionals who works in the market. There are bystanders who identify apparently ineffective facets of the markets that could be take advantage of. Example of this is seasonal tendencies and deviating twists to assets with different traits. Efficient Market Hypothesis cynic’s maintains that there are investors who have outdistanced the market. Among them is Peter Lynch, Bill Miller, and so on. These investors’ tactics are to a high level founded on recognizing markets where prices do not precisely mirror the accessible information, in straight negation to the EMH which clearly entails that â€Å"no† such opportunity could ever exist (Clarke et al. 2007). It is imperative to take notice of the fact that the EMH does not account for the observed fact that the most profitable stock market partakers have equal share of stock picking guidelines, which would, in turn, denote an extensive conclusive correspondence among stock picking policy as well as investment accomplishments. The EMH also seems to be lacking in consistency with several occasions in stock market history. For an instance, the stock market crash which occurred in 1987 saw the S&P 500 drop more than 20% in October in spite of the fact that there is no major news or events that took place before Monday of the crash, the fall apparently came from nowhere, this would likely imply that relatively irrational behavior could seize stock markets arbitrarily. Furthermore, Bruton Malkiel, a renowned advocate of the universal legitimacy of Efficient Market Hypothesis has counseled that particular budding markets such as China are not empirically efficient, he further stated that the Shanghai as well as the Shenzhen markets, in contrast to the markets in US, show signs of substantial sequential relationship, non-random walk, as well as proof of exploitation (Clarke et al. 2007). Thus, in contrast to what Efficient Market Hypothesis implies, there are certain instances which go contrary to its claim. It is unlikely for market to be consistently efficient as was shown in this paper. Provided that the theory of EMH is true at some point in time, one could not just conclude that it would be true for all instances and for all period of times. Works Cited Clarke, Jonathan, Thomas Jandik, and Gershon Mandelker. â€Å"The Efficient Market Hypothesis.† (2007). Fama, Eugene. â€Å"Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, and Behavioral Finance.† Journal of FinancialEconomics. (1998). Jones, Steven L., and Jeffry M. Netter. â€Å"Efficient Capital Markets.† (2002). Sewell, Martin. â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis.† (2007).            

Rate of Radioactive Decay Worked Example Problem

You can use the equation of the rate of radioactive decay to find how much of an isotope is left after a specified length of time. Here is an example of how to set up and work the problem. Problem 22688Ra, a common isotope of radium, has a half-life of 1620 years. Knowing this, calculate the first order rate constant for the decay of radium-226 and the fraction of a sample of this isotope remaining after 100 years. Solution The rate of radioactive decay is expressed by the relationship: k 0.693/t1/2 where k is the rate and t1/2 is the half-life. Plugging in the half-life given in the problem: k 0.693/1620 years 4.28 x 10-4/year Radioactive decay is a first order rate reaction, so the expression for the rate is: log10 X0/X kt/2.30 where X0 is the quantity of radioactive substance at zero time (when the counting process starts) and X is the quantity remaining after time t. k is the first order rate constant, a characteristic of the isotope that is decaying. Plugging in the values: log10 X0/X (4.28 x 10-4/year)/2.30 x 100 years 0.0186 Taking antilogs: X0/X 1/1.044 0.958 95.8% of the isotope remains

The Kite Runner Film - 826 Words

Jack and Alex walked out of the theater, pondering their thoughts on the film they’d just seen. The Kite Runner, a film about a boy not standing up for his best friend, trying to forget his guilt and eventually embarking on a dangerous journey to try to redeem himself. â€Å"Wow, that movie was such an eye opener! I had no idea what Afghan culture was about, let alone the hardships and struggles people faced,† said Alex, â€Å"But it was really about guilt and atonement I guess. What did you like the best Jack?,† â€Å"The relationship between Amir and Hassan. It’s so different from any relationship I’ve experienced. Amir and Hassan are as closeas a servant and master can be, yet Amir acts like Hassan, a Hazara, is beneath him. Amir never learns to assert himself against anyone else because Hassan always defends him. I think these factors play into his childhood cowardice of sacrificing Hassan. Hassan however remains loyal, forgiving, and good natured,† replied Jack. â€Å"So what do you think of their friendship?† â€Å"Well I think Hassan and Amir were brothers from the start, before their relationship decayed after Hassan was raped. Foster uses the pomegranate tree symbolizes the friendship. Amir even carves on the tree â€Å"Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul† which formalizes their friendship and shows they are as close as brothers. Then After Hassan’s rape, Amir throws pomegranates at Hassan hoping that Hassan will hit him back and free him from his guilt. Hassan then crushes a pomegranateShow MoreRelatedTurning Point In The Kite Runner1568 Words   |  7 PagesMarc Forster’s The Kite Runner is a 2007 American drama film based on the novel of the same name by Khalid Hosseini. Marc Forster is Film Director, screenwriter and producer. 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Hosseini s homeland was the inspiration for his novel, The Kite Runner, which gave his readers a taste of what Afghanistan was before the brutal invasions of the Taliban. He spent his early childhood living in Tehran, Iran, where he befriended his family s cook. The unexpected friendship between a young Afghan and a member of the Hazara ethnic group exposed Hosseini to the acts of injustice against minority groups in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini.published Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner is the kind of novel portraying the common issues of the lives of parents and children. The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini.Published by Riverhead Books, it recounts the narratives of Amir, a young boy from the WazirAkbar Khan district of Kabul, whose closest companion is Hassan, son of his father s servant Hazara. 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Moreover, this is clearly connected with and related to Khaled Hosseini s fantastic novel The Kite Runner, one of which describes as well as shows the thoughts and actions of teens through the story s main character, Amir, and his many adventures as anRead MoreJsdgflka3918 Words   |  16 PagesComparative Literature 153: â€Å"International Cultures: Film and Literature† Dr. Thomas Jay Lynn * Penn State Berks * Fall 2015 * MWF 12:00-12:50 Franco 101 * Office Meeting Period MWF 1:15-2:15 (For an office meeting during this or a different time, please e-mail, phone, or speak to me in advance, if possible.) 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These elements are highlighted in many ways through the use of camera angles, emotional audio, and both verbal and non-verbal communication. 2. Here, Hassan and Amir are discussing kite running, a sport which is very popular among the children in Kabul. It involves two people, one holding the kite spool, and the other controlling the movement of the kite. The idea of the

Evidence Based Individualized Strategies May Improve...

The following strategies are evidence-based individualized strategies believed to improve educational outcomes for Kyle: Math: Instruction: Peer-Guided Pause, Reading Fluency: Assisted Cloze, Choice: Allowing Students Control Over Learning, Active Supervision: Roaming the Classroom, Establishing Classroom Routines: Increasing Predictably, and Preferential Seating: Increasing Attention and Removing Distractions. The first academic intervention strategy suggested is known as the Peer-Guided Pause. For this strategy, it is suggested that during a whole-group lecture, a teacher should incorporate several Peer Guided Pauses during the lecture. Through this Pause, students know to work in pairs to review concepts previously discussed. Students monitor their understanding, review model problems, and work cooperatively. For Kyle, this strategy would improve his educational outcomes by redirecting Kyle’s attention at several intervals during the lesson to ensure he is staying focused, taking notes, and understating the material. This will also aid in Kyle’s communication skill building. The second academic intervention strategy suggested is known as Reading Fluency: Assisted Cloze. During this strategy, the teacher reads a passage aloud while the student followshel along silently and keeping pace with the test with a finger. Occasionally, the teacher will pause and the student is requi red to read aloud the next word in the passage. The process is repeated until the entire passageShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations

Four Contextual Factors Free Essays

1. Four Contextual Fators Apple have shown an ample example that they have implemented the four contextual factors in the organization which then lead to their organization successfulness. i. We will write a custom essay sample on Four Contextual Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture – Steve Jobs, the founder of the organization have a clear vision and yet simple that he wants the whole organization to know. â€Å"Bringing the best personal computing, mobile communication, and portable digital music and video experience to consumers, students, educators, businesses, and government agencies through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals, services, and Internet offerings. Steve Jobs. ii. Strategy – Apple Inc. also spends a fair time of training and or re-training its employees on a global scale and comes up with many new devices to not only keep the shareholders happy, but also by braining storming and coming up with new technology so in which Apple Inc. can hire new employees; thus helping the global economy. Apple Inc. understands, as new venture grows, there can be a need for more and more administration. (Hisrich, Peters, 2010, p. p. 127) iii. Culture – Team building and team sustaining with repositioning is and can be a gruesome task, however ‘Time heals all wounds unless you pick at them. ’ (Shawn Alexander www. bellaonl ine. com/articles/art11602. asp) Managers worldwide can look at Apple Inc and learn that with any type of conflict; where it is by internal or external nature; can be maintained and or healed if the organization has a team willing to work and learn together if the team is willing to collaborate systematically. v. Enviroment – People believe that the leaders in the organization, especially Steve Jobs are one of the reasons for the organizational success; Human resources are a very important. Apple has been known to be a good employer. Its employees are appreciated and valued. They are provided with a healthy work culture that comes from learning organization, some of them feel that Apple has a wrong human resource strategy as they maintain secrecy. How to cite Four Contextual Factors, Essay examples

Hotel and Restaurant Management Research free essay sample

An executive sum m ary for m anagers and executive readers can be found at the end of this article Customer satisfaction measurement in a business-to-business context: a conceptual framework Jeanne Rossomme Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, University of Miami, Florida, USA Keywords Customer satisfaction, Business-to-business marketing, Industrial marketing, Relationship marketing, Organizational behaviour, Market research Abstract In practice, firms measure customer satisfaction using models and theory developed for evaluating the perceptions of individual consumers rather than entire organizations. This paper develops an integrated model of customer satisfaction measurement specific to a business-to-business context and addresses the unique challenges inherent in this context by incorporating learnings from the fields of customer satisfaction, organizational buying behavior and relationship marketing. After presenting the model and its rationale, the paper illustrates practical uses of the model as a managerial tool for framing a system of customer satisfaction measurement. Introduction Customer satisfaction measurement (CSM) is the principal tool by which marketers assess the health of their relationships with their customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Restaurant Management Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Extensive research has been dedicated to this topic in leading marketing journals over the past decade. Relatively few of these articles, however, have addressed customer satisfaction in a business-to-business context. Academic researchers have noted a predominant focus on consumer measurements with near complete disregard for customer satisfaction research between businesses (Morris and Davis, 1992; Moore and Schlegelmilch, 1994; Swan and Trawick, 1993; Swan et al. 1995; Patterson et al. , 1997; Homburg and Rudolph, 2001). In addition to the psychographic complexities of measuring the satisfaction of individuals, industrial companies also need to wrestle with the added complexities of multiple respondents, complex product/service attributes and a diverse customer base. The challenges facing marketers in this area, therefore, need to be more fully understood and efficiently addressed. Knowledge base Fortunately, the context of business-to-business relationships also has a rich knowl edge base. Beginning in the 1950s many researchers and practitioners saw the need to create and confirm models of organizational buying behavior as distinct from consumer purchasing behavior. This research created an overall framework to explain how organizational buying occurs, who is involved in the buying process, and what environmental, organizational, The author would like to express her gratitude to Jim Gouveia, Betsy Balderston, Dr Julie Lee, Dr Arun Sharma, the editor, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The author also extends special thanks to Dr A. Measures for satisfaction elements Each customer role may incorporate different variables in framing their overall satisfaction judgements. The final step is to develop measures for the satisfaction elements that can be combined in a survey instrument appropriate to each identified key client. Supplier management can look at quantitatively aggregate results for user and buyer groups to gain insights into key strengths and weaknesses within their post-sales service and support and customer service and supply chain.